In God We Trust as U.S. Motto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In God We Trust as U.S. Proverb - Essay Example Along these lines, who is that God Americans trust And trust, why not in God Americans accept or to God they try or to God they ask No Holy book has the word in God we trust And why the bricklayers consider god the fantastic modeler God is the designer not just the planner, the engineer doesn't make, make or contact anything aside from his guidance pencil, yet God said in the Koran: In this way, God isn't just draftsman, however He is the Creator of entire humankind, and the entire thing else (Adel, 2004, p. 57). Along these lines, why they state the grand planner If they didn't mean powerful being, at that point whom are they grumbling or discussing What is the drawing of this superb creator How his structure looks like So, who is the draftsman of the seal, and the U.S. one-dollar There have been two outstanding improvements since World War II, the two of which are holes between what everyone knows and what in certainty the case is. One is that strict realizing, which generally has been a partisan investigation of Christianity-focused in the theological schools of various qualities, has moved to the colleges. U.S. residents remain to a great extent ignorant of the mainstream grant of strict conviction (Judith, 1996). This hole has genuine outcomes and results, for example in choosing open strategy issues, for example, ladies' choice2 - when does a baby have a 'spirit' And become an 'individual' - undifferentiated organism research, and the investigation of advancement in government funded schools (Judith, 1996). The other worth referencing advancement is the uncontrollable extension of Eastern strict beliefs in the U.S. Traditionalist evaluations of the development of Buddhism propose a ten times increment over the most recent 40 years, to roughly 2,000,000 supporters (Lewis, 2007). That is about a large portion of the quantity of Muslims and a third the quantity of Jews in America, in only 40 years (Samuel 1998, p. 65). Who, following World War II, would have speculated there would be a significant Buddhist place, Deer Park, in country Oregon, W I, a couple of miles from Madison, W I and one of the American central station of the Dalai Lama (Lewis, 2007) A comparable story could be told about the quantity of Hindus and Taoists in the U.S. since World War II. This hole between strict decent variety and whatever everybody knows prompts both most clever stories and pointless clashes (Lewis 2007). This picture of a mass of partition among chapel and state has become a great analogy and legitimate idea in American legal history, yet the fact of the matter is unquestionably increasingly convoluted and traded off. As Ronald Thiemann analyzes with no little gnawing mind, The day Justice Black wrote those notable words; the U.S. Official courtroom was brought with the serenade, 'God spare this good court' (Robert, 2006, p. 25). A couple hundred yards

New Journalism Free Essays

Is New Journalism a scholarly kind? Dissect regarding the artistic procedures utilized in two instances of New Journalism. Word Count †2231 I guess the most widely recognized sense point where to begin is by characterizing New Journalism, or Literary Journalism, as Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 38) state it is called at the â€Å"upper end of the range. We will compose a custom exposition test on New Journalism or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now † The Collins Concise Dictionary (1999, p. 995) characterizes New Journalism as â€Å"a style of news-casting, utilizing methods obtained from fiction to depict a circumstance of occasion as strikingly as could reasonably be expected. † Wikipedia (2010) characterizes it as â€Å"a style of 1960s and 1970s news composing and news coverage that utilized artistic methods considered offbeat at that point. † The significance of New Journalism has advanced over the previous one hundred years or somewhere in the vicinity and has probably been instituted by numerous an individual, including the alleged establishing father of New Journalism, Matthew Arnold (Roggenkamp, 2005, p. xii) The term, with pertinence to the above definitions, was classified with its present significance by Tom Wolfe in his 1973 assortment of New Journalism articles, The New Journalism,â which included works by †most quite †himself, Truman Capote, Hunter S. Thompson, Norman Mailer, and Joan Didion. Regarding the previously mentioned New Journalists, Tom Wolfe, in a 1972 New York Magazineâ article, stated, â€Å"I realize they never envisioned that anything they would compose for papers or magazines would unleash such insidiousness devastation in the scholarly world; causing alarm, ousting the novel as the main artistic sort, beginning the primary new bearing in American writing in 50 years. In any case, that is the thing that has occurred. † He proceeded to state that, â€Å"Bellow, Barth, Updike †even the best of the parcel, Philip Roth †the writers are for the most part out there stripping the scholarly accounts and working it out, pondering where they currently stand. ‘Damn it all, Saul, the Huns have showed up. ‘† So, this mayhem is the thing that asks a few inquiries that these scholars wanted to be replied. Is New Journalism an artistic classification, just on the grounds that it uses the devices of fiction to give it shading? Is it a journalistic sort? Is it a sort without anyone else? Envision news coverage and writing both being a hover one next to the other; they remain solitary. They are pushed together when endeavoring to work out the spot of New Journalism in the realm of composing; how far do they cover? What's more, if, when they meet, there is an even cover, without a doubt that makes a particular sort? Some contend that, just as not being an artistic class, New Journalism isn't an independent kind by any stretch of the imagination. Murphy (1974, p. 15) says that, in his eyes, the primary charge leveled against New Journalism is â€Å"criticism against it as an unmistakable sort. † Truman Capote appears to differ with this and says, â€Å"It appears to me that most contemporary writers are excessively abstract. I needed to trade it, inventively, for the regular target world we as a whole possess. Revealing can be made as fascinating as fiction, and done as masterfully. † (Plimpton, 1967, p. 14) This proposes Capote accepts that New Journalism falls on neither side of the fence. Rather, New Journalism is tied in with taking news coverage with one hand, taking writing with the other, and pulling them both together. He needed to make writing progressively objective, as news-casting may be, and he needed to make news coverage increasingly inventive, as writing seems to be. Conley (1998, p. ) takes note of that, â€Å"Journalism and fiction are not ordinarily referenced in a similar sentence except if in an unflattering sense, yet they share much for all intents and purpose. † Again, we are coordinated towards the two structures as isolated, yet halfway covered. Weiss (2004, p. 177) says that, â€Å"The pulls and pulls of truth versus fiction and memory versus creative mind are app arent inside the class of news-casting. † She proceeds to state that, â€Å"Journalism fragmented from early announcing and took on a large number of the traits of writing. There are numerous characteristics of abstract news coverage which cover with fiction. Once more, this subject of intermingling is available in her contemplations. Weiss (2004, p. 179) poses a decent inquiry: â€Å"Has the obscuring of lines from genuine to fiction become over the top and befuddling? † Roorbach (2001, p. 7) goes some path in noting this and states that â€Å"an over-emphasis on undeniable exactness has about a similar stifling impact on workmanship as an over-emphasis on congruity in style and subject. † So it follows that the best game-plan while considering the spot of New Journalism is to gesture towards the bits of work that assume liability for both truth and fiction. Somerset Maugham (1938, p. 19) concurred that fiction and news coverage are inherently connected and says, of news, that â€Å"it is crude material directly from the knacker’s yard and we are idiotic in the event that we look with disdain upon it since it scents of blood and sweat. † These are the expressions of a scholarly extraordinary who feels that essayists must consider in their work. Accepting there was entirely different type, Capote called his book, In Cold Blood,â a true to life novel, which is a book that utilizes the shows of fiction to recount to a genuine story. The work is about the mass homicide of a Kansas cultivating family. In spite of the fact that the book was the pinnacle of Capote’s profession as an author, and was hailed as a global achievement, it †alongside New Journalism all in all †was vigorously reprimanded, because of realities being changed, scenes being included and discourse being made-up. This analysis can be viewed as a positive thing however, as far as characterizing New Journalism. By expressing that parts of his style of composing makes it neither news-casting, nor writing, the analysis makes another kind for Capote’s work to sit, easily, in. Strikingly, Capote, alongside Mailer and numerous different creators, never consented to their style’s correlations with Wolfe’s school of portrayal. A lot in actuality, a considerable lot of these scholars would deny that their work was conventionally pertinent to other new Journalists at that point. In a 1966 Atlantic article, Dan Wakefield said that the true to life work of Capote raised answering to the degree of writing. Albeit applauding crafted by Capote, this goes some path in saying that writing is superior to news-casting. This is proof for what Capote said his faultfinders felt: â€Å"Combining writing and news coverage is minimal in excess of an artistic answer for exhausted authors. † (Plimpton, 1967, p. 16) Newfield (1967, p. 0) said that, â€Å"This new sort characterizes itself by guaranteeing a large number of the methods that were at one time the unchallenged territory of the writer: pressure, image, rhythm, incongruity, prosody, creative mind. † Gay Talese’s 1966 article for Esquire magazine, Frank Sinatra Has a Cold,â was an extremely compelling bit of New Journalism that gave an exceptionally point by point representation of Frank Sinatra, while never having talked with him. Talese embraced gigantic measures of research, as did a large number of the New columnists, including Capote with In Cold Blood. In contrast to Capote, Talese didn't develop realities of characters. His article is, in this manner, a case of New Journalism that falls under the class of a journalistic kind, rather than an unmistakable type. In concurrence with the strategies for Talese and incredulous of those of Capote, author Barry Seigel, who heads up a writing and reporting course at the University of California, says that he instructs of â€Å"nonfiction composition that rises above the restrictions of day by day news-casting. † He in any case â€Å"rejects totally the thought of envisioning or in any case manufacturing cites, developing characters or obscuring various sources into composites. (Eisenhuth and McDonald, 2007, p. 41) If the point of most New Journalism is to compose soâ vividly and report in such extraordinary blasts that a scene jumps from the page, Talese goes the other way. He gradually penetrates down through the unremarkable underground truth of human presence to its â€Å"fictional† center. He said he needed â€Å"to summon the anecdotal c urrent that streams between the truth. † Neither of these models, nor any of the statements gathered from examine, point towards New Journalism falling under the class of an artistic classification. Clearly there will be those that don't wish to have it related with the word writing; they consider it to be a fatherless kid. Hartsock (2000, p. 7) expresses that New Journalism â€Å"reflects an unpleasant, however not unmistakable split among reporting and writing. † He takes note of that a few pundits, for example, Lounsberry, who is partnered with English investigations, like to see it as an artistic classification. Others, for example, Connery, who is associated with news coverage, want to see it as a journalistic kind. He includes that, â€Å"there long has been a predisposition against news-casting by English examinations. Eisenhuth and McDonald (2007, p. 49) state that a few columnists will in general consider the to be as ‘bunging it on a bit,’ however the truth of the matter is that the thought of New Journalism is picking up acknowledgment, even in college English offices, which have customarily hated the detailing milieu that has sustained such huge numbers of authors †any semblance of Ernest Hemingway and Graham Green; and in later occasions, writers turned true to life essayists and writers like Robert Drewe. † Drewe was the focal point of Conley’s 1998 article, Birth of a Novelist, Death of a Journalist. Drewe is Australia’s most noticeable creator turned columnist. His first book, The Savage Crows, was well received,â although at the time with some amazement, â€Å"like here is a canine that can ride a bike and play

40+ CV Errors that Harm Your Job Application Significantly

40+ CV Errors that Harm Your Job Application Significantly Perfecting your job application is crucial in this extremely competitive job market. Pivotal in this job application is your CV.You have probably heard of many who merely write their CVs according to examples they find on the internet. In addition, some just update their CVs based on recent changes in their professional backgrounds. © Shutterstock | Matej KotulaIn reality, creating and updating your CV is more complicated than you think. To guarantee that you make a good first impression with your CV and avoid embarrassment, we have compiled the usual CV errors that could harm your job application significantly. These are grouped by content, format, and file properties.CV ERRORS IN CONTENT#1 Casual ToneAdapting a casual tone is a negative on any CV. You must have the balance of being interesting enough to be unique but at the same time also being professional (and not over-share). Having a positive and objective tone is key for your CV.#2 Claims with No BasisMaking claims that you are “the best salesperson in the country” or the “the most prolific program manager in the industry” will not show that you are extremely experienced and talented. It is actually quite embarrassing since these claims are impossible to prove and will make you seem as if you are not credible. Use facts to prove your success and value humbly to your potential employers.#3 Clichés and JargonsEliminate clichés and jargons from your CVs. Choose to be precise and use action verbs that denote positive action. So instead of saying you are a “can-do person,” change it to “initiated a…”.[slideshare id=46173277doc=awesomeresumetemplates-150323094821-conversion-gate01w=640h=330]#4 Concealment of Significant DataYou may be tempted to conceal certain jobs wherein you did not perform so well. Make sure to include them if you still gained some experience and work ethics. If they are not included in your CV, your employer will question the employment gap.#5 Concentrating on Responsibilities, not AccomplishmentsIt may be easy for you to go into a straightforward mode wherein you just list your job duties in your CV. However, employers do not care about your duties so much as what you have accomplished.Hence, instead of writing that you “recorded the weekly minutes of the meeting,” highlight that you “used a recording system for weekly minutes of the meeting and compiled them logically for future reference.” It is important that you prove your impact to the organization.#6 Exam GradesYour CV has to be precise and sharp. Do not muddy your message by including the grades you got more than a decade ago. You can include if you gained a good degree, of course. Be relevant by simply referencing your most recent educational achievements. Nevertheless, keep in mind that important job history is more significant the educational history, so begin with your professional experience.#7 Generic InterestsGeneric interests listed on your CV such as cooking and gardening do nothing to improve your professional desirability. Pick ones that are related to your job application.#8 Incorrect or Lacking Contact InformationMany people take their contact information for granted. Remember, if you do not have your contact information on your resume or even have an outdated one, how can interested employers c ontact you? Thus, make sure that you double-check what is in your contact details, namely your accurate address, phone number, and email address.#9 Inferior Grammar and SpellingIt is expected that if you are a strong candidate you should also have strong communication skills. Therefore, if you have grammatical and spelling errors, this can negatively affect your job candidacy. Proofread and edit your CV for grammar and spelling errors. Besides using the typical grammar and spelling checkers in your word processing program, you can request your family and friends to peruse your CV for any writing mistakes you have missed.[slideshare id=55440516doc=25editingmistakes-151123234458-lva1-app6892w=640h=330]#10 Irrelevant InformationYou might be the “king of the barbeque grill,” in the first restaurant you worked in during high school. However, this is considered as CV clutter. If you have previous professional experience that is irrelevant to the current job, choose to remove the irrel evant information.Remember, recruitment managers spend only a few seconds browsing through CVs, so do not to clog your CV with insignificant data, making them miss the important parts.#11 Keyword StuffingThere are newer company innovations wherein CVs go through an automated computer that scans your CV before it is received by an actual person. These system innovations look for keywords in your CVs that are connected to the vacancy. Moreover, it removes CVs that do not have those relevant keywords.Nonetheless, knowing this process has made some candidates stuff their CVs with too many keywords. This is not a good strategy.First, your CV will look odd once read by a real person and distracts from your writing flow. Next, not all companies rely on these systems. So simply compose your CV to impress to the recruiters that you are the best person for the job and maybe add a few keywords strategically, but remember not to overstuff it.  #12 Lack of Action VerbsDo not fill your CV with le ss than proactive words such as “filed,” or “wrote,” or “followed.” Alternatively, use action verbs such as “created,” “initiated,” or “led.” The action verbs denote that you are proactive and can head a team.#13 Large Blocks of TextA recruiter will not proceed with reading your CV if you have large blocks of paragraphs without any breaks. This is especially true if the recruiter has been scanning CVs in the hundreds each week. Instead of asking the recruiter to go through large blocks of texts, break up your information into bullet points or short paragraphs. Recruiters can skim through your CV and find the information that they are looking for quite easily with this strategy.#14 Manipulation or Falsification of TruthsWe strictly do not advise lying on your CV with enhanced qualifications or invented professional experience. Although it is a given that people manipulate or falsify the truth on their CVs and get away with it, you should know it is not worth t he risk.First, if the recruiter is diligent enough, they will check all your facts and if they do not make sense, you can be removed immediately from the process and even blacklisted.Second, if you are able to get a job using experience and skills you really do not have, you will be challenged to accomplish the tasks given to you on your first day and your lie will eventually be discovered. #15 Many Details for Older PositionsRecruiters do not need to find out about your responsibilities from a position you held a decade or so ago. At the most, they will merely glance at them. When discussing your older roles, a short summary is enough. You should give more space to your more current responsibilities.#16 Negative Tones/WordsTo have a more professional and optimistic feel to your CV, avoid negative tones or words such as “broke up,” “stopped,” etc.#17 No SpecificsMake sure to detail your initiatives and projects in your CV that are of relevance to the job. Guarantee that your CV has your roles, responsibilities, achievements, and benefits to your past employers. If these points are not clear on your CV, rewrite it to convey it more lucidly.#18 Quotes That Are Cringe-WorthyEven if you love quotes, completely remove them from your CV. Your favorite quote can be “Dance like no one’s watching. Sing like no one’s listening. Love like you’ve never been hurt.” That is well and good, but this has no place in a professional CV.#19 Reasons for Leaving Previous Job(s)Recruitment managers do not need to read the reasons why you left your previous job(s). Focus your CV in attracting the recruiters based on your experience and talent. Although you may want to communicate your reasons for leaving your current job and applying to a new employer, you can briefly explain this in your cover letter or the interview.#20 References Not Needed To Be ListedRemember that the employer will not ask for your references until you are already at the offer stage. In additio n, if recruiters want to talk to your references, they will request it from you. So do not waste the space on your CV by listing your references. Some more mistakes you should avoid.#21 Salary RequirementsYour CV’s objective is to receive a request for a job interview by showing your suitability for the role. Keep in mind that at this stage, money is not be a factor. There is also the variable of keeping your cards close to you when it comes to salary requirementsyou would like to receive the biggest possible rate.Case in point, if an organization is willing to pay $40,000 for a position and you told them you would only need $30,000, then it would be difficult to negotiate anything higher. Moreover, if you make salary demands at the early stages, it would seem too forward.#22 Sending the Same CV to AllDo not send a generic CV to all the companies you are applying to. Remember to tailor fit it to the organization. Not only will this give your CV a chance to be perused by a recruite r, it also gives you the opportunity to demonstrate that you are taking their job recruitment process seriously. A recruiter can be turned off by persons who do not take the time to learn more about their organization before applying.#23 Skills GraphsSome job applicants include skills graphs on their CVs to provide recruiters with the visual information of the abilities of a candidate. Nevertheless, the issue with skills graphs is that they do not provide a true, concrete scale, leaving employers with no real idea of your skills level. So do not use skills graphs and focus on writing in plain text.#24 Too LengthyNote that recruiters spend an inordinate amount of time receiving and going through CVs. Nevertheless, they do not spend 30 minutes per CV. When your CV is too lengthy, this dissuades them from going through it and chances are, they will not read it until the end. You have to ensure that you communicate all the significant information about you in a precise manner. Use bulle t points and short sentences.For experienced professionals, 2-page CVs would suffice. If you were at the graduate level, a 1-page CV would be appropriate. If you have a CV that is 3 pages in length or more, they will most likely be skipped.#25 Unexplainable Employment GapsIt is expected that you may have gaps in employment, especially if you have gone on sabbatical or health leaves. However, if there is a huge gap in your work history and you leave it unexplained, this can worry recruiters as they might think you did not do anything during this time.Hence, do not hesitate at writing about the time you took to travel or to volunteer. Otherwise, recruiters would jump to conclusions and think you may have been simply lazy or unemployable. It is better to reflect that you have been constructive rather than having done completely nothing at all. #26 Unprofessional Email AddressYou are trying to appear impressive, credible, and professional on your CV. Hence, it is an error to include in your CV an unprofessional email address such as sexylady69@gmail.com. It is completely unprofessional and recruiters would question your work ethic. So if you have an embarrassing email address, create a new (and free) email address that conveys professionalism.#27 VaguenessYou can never get your expected results if you are vague on your CV. Another candidate who is more concise would remove you from the applicant roster. If you are simply too vague or wordy, a recruiter will have no idea what you have really accomplished.Thus, instead of saying you “increased profits,” include the actual amount of increase. This indicates to the recruiter that you are willing to have the facts verified since you are transparent.#28 Very ShortWhile it is not advisable to have such a long CV, it is also not recommended to have a very short one. A CV that is only half a page indicates that you are not sufficiently experienced and/or educated enough for a position.#29 Without Personal DevelopmentTo appear professional but also dynamic on a personal level, show that you have some sort of personal development. This can serve as an icebreaker between you and the recruiter. Examples that are interesting yet lends to your professional capabilities are voluntary work or foreign language skills.#30 Worthless IntroductionIf you decide to have an introduction in your CV, ensure that it is concise and to the point, which sums up precisely the main qualifications the recruiter is searching for. Try not to use phrases that are meaningless such as, “Driven and results-oriented team player.” Clearly indicate your main qualification for the position.An example would be: “Sales manager with 20 years of professional experience in marketing.” If a recruiting manager looks at just one item on your CV, this could be your introduction, so tell them a lot in just this phrase.#31 Writing in the Third PersonSince your CV is a communications method between your possible employer and yourself, always use the first person. If you write your CV using the third person, it slightly breaks the communication flow and would make you seem out-of-touch and a bit arrogant and pretentious.CV ERRORS IN FORMATTING#32 Unsuitable ColorsAlthough it has become more typical for CVs to have a little color, be aware of the kind and amount of colors that you use. If you want to add a pop of color, go with those that are safe and only use them in your headings. Do not go over the top by writing your entire CV in a neon color or have a background color. Moreover, when you apply to more traditional companies such as law firms, banks, or multinational corporations, it is best to stick with black and white.#33 Emojis and Clip ArtMost recruiters hate emojis and clip art. So save those for text messages and Facebook and Twitter comments.#34 Inappropriate StructureIt is an error if you simply copy your CV structure from the internet, a friend, or a book. While their structure might be good for them, it could be inappropriate for you. We do not recommend simply using a template from Microsoft Word either. Your resume, at best, would seem very similar to the others.So carefully plan your CV’s structure and design as part of an overall strategy. The appropriate structure highlights your strengths and downplays your weaknesses like job hopping, employment gaps, and the like.This is how you can create a good CV structure. #35 Inconsistent FormattingConnected to the CV error of inappropriate structure, your CV has to be easy to read and must be clear. Spend time to make sure everything is aligned and all paragraphs and bullet points are the same size and font. Having disorganized formatting in your CV shows your lack of organization and attention to detail.#36 Organizations’ LogosIt is unnecessary to have the logos of the organizations you have worked for on your CV. Usually, logos are not formatted correctly and takes up a lot of space on the CV. The space could be better used to talk about your professional value in words. In addition, pictures on your CV could increase your file size and confuse the employer’s CV scanning software, resulting in failed or delayed delivery to some email addresses.#37 Overly Ornate DesignIt is crucial that you do not embellish your CV with too ornate fonts, graphs, and images that would distract the recruiter from your qualifications. Hence, eliminate borders and backgrounds. Allow your achievements and experiences to shine.#38 Unconventional or Fun Font Style and SizeOne of the most important aspects of an effective CV is that it should be easy for recruiters and employers to read. Thus, go with font styles that are friendly to the computer screen such as Arial, Tahoma, Times New Roman, or Verdana. Stick to font sizes of pt. 10 or pt. 12 for the body and larger or bold font sizes for the subheadings.Although it can be tempting to make use of fancy curling fonts to lend some elegance to your CV, this makes your file toug h to go through and will give your recruiting managers a headache.CV ERRORS IN FILE PROPERTIES#39 Bad File NamesWhen you send your CV through email, the file name is evident because it is an attachment. If you did not give an appropriate name to your CV file, it can seem unprofessional. Take a few seconds to alter your file name, showing a more professional and polished look. Just your name followed by CV would be alright (or the other way around). A recruiter that gets thousands of CVs that is just “CV.doc” will feel much better when he or she sees one named “Jane Smith CV.doc.”#40 Poor Paper QualityIf you would rather go the traditional route and send your CV in a classic format by submitting your CV by mail or in person, make sure that the paper that you use for your CV is of good quality. Ensure that it is thick enough and not flimsy, wrinkled, or folded. On the flipside, do not go overboard and print your CV on a scented stationary board, for example.#41 Wrong File For matIf you are sending your CV through email, make sure if the job advertisement specifies what kind of file format to use. When the job advertisement does not indicate the file format, your best options are .pdf, .doc, or .rtf. You could also choose to send your CV in two different formats.We hope that through this substantial article, you now know how to avoid these common CV errors. Good luck on your job hunt!

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Sallinger, Questions and...

For this guided reflection paper, I observed two classrooms, the first was â€Å"Mr. M’s† 10th grade, 3rd period ELA class and the second was â€Å"Mrs. L’s† 11th grade, 4th period ELA class. Both observations were done on April 9th at the same high school. The focus for this paper was the teachers and specific components of their lesson plans. Both classrooms were not only engaged in different reading materials but also in different parts of their unit plan. â€Å"Mr.’M’s† class was just beginning their unit plan on the novel The Catcher in the Rye while â€Å"Mrs. L’s† class was finishing up their unit plan on the novel The Scarlett Letter. Both classrooms had different, specific learning goals, activities, and assessments. â€Å"Mr. M’s† lesson was meant to introduce students to the novel The Catcher in the Rye and get them to start working on their culminating journal project. One learning goal for the lesson can be found in the AIM, â€Å"How can observing our surroundings help us to understand our place in the world†. One way â€Å"Mr. M† addressed this learning goal was through the DONOW, by having the students observe their surroundings and write about what they observed, the students become more aware of their surroundings. This not only helps them understand and connect with the main character Holden, but also helps them discover more about themselves as a person and â€Å"understand their place in the world†. I spoke with â€Å"Mr. M† after class about the lesson and he informed me that he was using

New Questions About Essay Topics on Swami Vivekananda Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Essay Topics on Swami Vivekananda Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report The Appeal of Essay Topics on Swami Vivekananda Following are different kinds of essay topics for students that are categorized in many sections so you can easily chose the topic according to your need and requirement. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. They might have to keep up a great grade average to guarantee they get in the school of their selection. Swamiji lays a good deal of emphasis on the environment at home and school for the appropriate development of the kid. A teacher, he says, does not have any obvious idea about the purpose of his teaching. As a means to get the designated grade, college students all of the time search tutoriage for a number of firms to obtain essay online. Cost of Online Education The virtual classroom is far more affordable than the standard physical institutions of higher learning. 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Try to locate a site that provides good deals and offers in place of rock-bottom rates. Otherwise, you'll not see all the specifics of the purchase. A bid is put by means of an author if he or edubirdie she wants a specific purchase. This is unhappy news for a consequence of many of the best dependable writing firms provide many discount tutoriage codes and vouchers that entice a growing number of purchasers. You would discover short speech on Swami Vivekananda in addition to long speech on Swami Vivekananda, which are simple to understand and carry an extensive view of things in order to supply you with an enriching experience. Vivekananda is remembered among the critical men and women who introduced Indian philosophies like Vedanta and Yoga to the West. Vivekananda stayed in America for over three decades. Swami Vivekananda stressed in the significance of working hard to get to the set objectives. Don't forget that if you make some strong arguments, you have to support th em with facts or trustworthy info. Similar is true with religion. Hence there shouldn't be any dispute among the preachers of distinct religions they worship God in distinct forms or with diverse beliefs. When there is sin, this is the sole sin to say that you're weak. It is among the most dependable and trusted sources of information. If you would like to participate, you don't need to add your name anywhere, just start editing. In the event you read an edubirdie overview on the web, you will observe that those who selected the most economical writers often suffered at school. Nowadays an extremely good academic project writing service is an uncommon breed. The Argument About Essay Topics on Swami Vivekananda He was the nationalistic ideal for those of India. Now there are mission centers in nearly all states of India and a lot of other nations. 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Discretionary Fiscal Policy Free Essays

The effect of time lags in discretionary fiscal policy in the economic growth and development by the congress and the president captures a broad economic phenomenon. A discretionary fiscal policy is the level of legislative parameters which are used as action policies for providing stimulus for the effect of control of economic recession. However, the most adequate system of recession control using discretionary fiscal policy relate to an estimation of the most adequate time period with which such recession period is to operate in so as to provide the most lucrative legislative tools. We will write a custom essay sample on Discretionary Fiscal Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now (http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) However, a problem exists in estimating the most appropriate economic periods between the upswings and the downswings which the congress and the president is to apply such policies. Since discretionary tools are only used to wave out the problem founded by economy in recession, the relevant stimulus which is a applied for such control are only time constrained and functional if the estimated states of recession is still in occupation. However, a problem mounts on when other various economic shocks which cause time differential hits the economy leading to subjective sub-optimal controls by the discretionary fiscal policies. Since, the status of the economy is difficult to access in terms of its length/span and the states of capacity and economic implication, the use of discretionary fiscal policy would therefore become difficult. (http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) Either, time lags are sensitive variables in defining the scope of economic stability. Generally, time lags may cause preferential economic instability where such tools used to overcome their effects become negatively implicating. Either, economic recession is purely a bad state which would even compromise economic stability. At recession, the state of GDP in terms of aggregate supply and also aggregate demand are usually not at equilibrium. When the tools for economic recession become counteractive, the state economic stability is therefore compromised. Misappropriated time lags lead to disequilibria in the economic markets. Reference Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness. Retrieved on 11th March 2008 form, http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText.4.1.shtml How to cite Discretionary Fiscal Policy, Papers

Serial Position Effect

Introduction Serial Position Effect describes a situation where the ability to recall items in a list varies as the position of an item on the list changes. It states that items at the start of the list and at the end have a higher chance of been remembered as opposed to items in the middle. Primacy Effect is the tendency to remember an item in the beginning of serialized items.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Position Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the ability to recall items at the end of a list is called Recency Effect. Reasons have been developed to explain this phenomenon. However, the earliest reason for Primacy Effect is long-term memory while the reason for Recency Effect is immediate memory (Neely LeCompte, 1999). This paper looks into a more detailed look into Serial Position Effect through an analysis of an article that discusses similarity of semantic similarity to irrelevant speech effect (Neely LeCompte, 1999). Research Findings Previous research has found that irrelevant speech has the capacity to disrupt immediate recall of short lists. When the lists to be recalled have a semantic resemblance to the speech, there is significantly little effect in the ability to recall according to Neely LeCompte (1999). Hence, it has an insignificant effect to the Serial Position Effect theory. However, many researchers have delved into this matter with great interest. That is the bedrock for the research conducted by Neely and LeCompte (1999). The researchers carried out one experiment. In experiment one, the researchers ensured that they conduct a series of trials in front of their academic peers who had previously shown interest in this field. The research was designed to remedy previous researches’ perceived weaknesses. The weaknesses were mainly in less participation and the assemblage of the stimuli. A stimulus refers to the items on the li st. The researchers perceived that there was a minimal number of participants in the previous studies and that the stimuli did not adequately capture the extensiveness of a list (Neely LeCompte, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The experiment findings showed that indeed there was a significant increase in the irrelevant speech when the items to be remembered were semantically similar to the lists that participants were to remember. This was because of the serial recall capacity brought about by Serial position effect. This theory’s placement hypothesis shows that an items position matters when asked to recall. In this experiment, the researchers used semantically disruptive words. Hence, the participants found it hard to form a mental pattern in their recall (Neely LeCompte, 1999). This was designed to discredit further the fact that items in a particular list may form a pattern that participants find easy to memorize. However, this was further discredited when studies that are more current showed that Serial Position Effect was not only in semantics but also in visuals (Neely LeCompte, 1999). In relation to irrelevant speech, Serial Position Effect may not be affected. This is because, as original explanations put it, Serial Position Effect is because of long term and virtual memories. Hence, it is possible that the new lists that effectively reduced formations of a pattern did not affect participants in this study. Serial Position Effect is strengthened by these research findings because it effectively follows that ability to recall rests in the Recency and Primacy effects developed. It also discredits possibility of irrelevant speech affecting Serial Position Effect (Neely LeCompte, 1999). Real Life Example In real life, Serial Position Effect is quite possible. It is easier to remember items in the beginning and end of a list. However, this may be because of the emphasis that individuals place on these two places. In games, in school and all competitions, persons at the beginning of a list are lauded and those in the end perceived weakly (Neely LeCompte, 1999). In the English Premier League, it is always quite easy to remember the first teams. Additionally, it is easier to recall teams at the end. While teams that win this competition win the English Premier League trophy, teams that eventually finish at the tail end are punished by relegations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Position Effect specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, it is actually a real life thing to engage those two places in a list. The majority of the teams that lie in the middle do not get any limelight. This is because their position is perceivably irrelevant according to Neely LeCompte (1999). Reference Neely, C.B. LeCompte, C.D. (1999). The Importance of Semantic Similarity to Irrelevant Speech Effect. Memory and Cognition, 27(1): 37-44. Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03201211#page-2 This essay on Serial Position Effect was written and submitted by user Amber K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Consequences of Technologys Forward Momentum essays

The Consequences of Technology's Forward Momentum essays As technology advances, so do the implications of what we do with it and how we use it. The initial motive of aerial warfare was tactical bombing; however, through advancement, it has transitioned into incorporating innocent civilians as targets as well. Scientists went from breeding animals and plants to breeding ideal humans (known as eugenics/genocide). Aside from the negative issues mentioned, some advantages were also included such as medicine and synthetic rubber. The main objective of the chapter is to portray the corruption-advanced technology synthesizes. After World War I (1914-1918), the nation had seen the success of aerial warfare and the importance of technology, which led them to actively pursue the improvement in technology because of its promising outcome. Many American companies had turned in to testing laboratories. For example, the Standard Oil Company of Indiana had become a research laboratory for improving the efficiency of refineries. Next, the national advisory committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was created in 1915, two years before the United States entered the European war. Its purpose was to give the U.S the resources to become more advanced in aviation technology, which it achieved decades later by taking the lead in applying the most advanced aerodynamics to every aspect of aviation. The government also created the naval research laboratory in hopes of preparing for World War II in 1939. The government-funded research helped develop radar, rocketry, new medicines, synthetic material, digital computers, and nuclear bombs, which helped carve the direction of the war. The allies and axis powers both in World War II heavily depended on scientists and engineers for stronger and better weapons. The sudden push for improved and more destructive technology led to the corruption of its use. For example, on April 26, 1937, a single German Heinkel had dropped several 550-pound bombs in the center of the city of...

Learn About the Geography of the Middle Eastern Country of Pakistan

Learn About the Geography of the Middle Eastern Country of Pakistan Pakistan,  officially called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is located in the   Middle East  near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. It is bordered by  Afghanistan,  Iran,  India,  and  China. Pakistan is also very close to Tajikistan, but the two countries are separated by the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. The country has the sixth largest population in the world and the second largest  Muslim population  in the world after Indonesia.  The country is divided into  four provinces, one territory, and one capital territory for local administration. Pakistan Basic Facts First, here are the basics: Population: 204,924,861  (July 2017 estimate)Capital: IslamabadBordering Countries: Afghanistan, Iran, India,  and ChinaLand Area: 307,374 square miles (796,095 sq km)Coastline: 650 miles (1,046 km)Highest Point: K2 at 28,251 feet (8,611 m)Largest cities:  Karachi (15.4 million), Lahore (11.7 million), Faisalabad (3.3 million), Rawalpindi (2.2 million),  and  Gujranwala (2.1 million)Language: Urdu (official language) but English, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Baloch, Hindko,  Barhui,  and Saraiki are also spokenLife expectancy: 66 years for men and 70 years for women Geography and Climate of Pakistan Pakistan has a varied topography that consists of the flat, Indus plain in the east and the Balochistan plateau in the west. In addition, the Karakoram Range, one of the worlds highest mountain ranges, is in the north and northwest part of the country. The worlds second highest mountain,  K2, is also within Pakistans borders, as is the famous 38-mile (62 km) Baltoro Glacier. This glacier is considered one of the longest glaciers outside of the Earths polar regions. The climate of Pakistan varies with its topography, but most of it consists of hot, dry desert, while the northwest is temperate. In the mountainous north,  though, the climate is harsh and considered  Arctic. Economics and Land Use in Pakistan Pakistan is considered a developing nation and as such it has a highly underdeveloped economy. This is largely because of its decades of political instability and a lack of foreign investment. Textiles are Pakistans main export, but it also has industries that include food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer,  and shrimp. Agriculture in Pakistan includes cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables, milk, beef, mutton,  and eggs.  Resources include natural gas reserves and limited petroleum. Urban vs. Rural Just over one-third of the population lives in urban areas (36.7 percent), though that number is increasing slightly. Most of the population lives in the areas near the Indus River and its tributaries, with Punjab the most densely populated province.   Earthquakes Pakistan is situated above two tectonic plates, the Eurasian and Indian plates, their motion making the country primarily a site of major strike-slip earthquakes. Earthquakes above 5.5 on the Richter scale are relatively common. Their location in relation to population centers determines whether there will be extensive loss of life. For example, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake January 18, 2010, in southwest Pakistan, didnt cause any fatalities, but another in the same province that came in at a 7.7 in September 2013 killed more than 800. Four days later another 400 were killed in the province in a 6.8 magnitude quake. The worst in recent memory was in Kashmir in the north in October 2005. It measured 7.6, killed 80,000, and left 4 million homeless. More than 900 aftershocks rolled on afterward for almost three weeks.   Sources Central Intelligence Agency. CIA: The World Factbook: Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html. Dawn. Timeline of major earthquakes in Pakistan: 1971-2018. https://www.dawn.com/news/1215521.

Pizza Veloce Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pizza Veloce - Term Paper Example To provide convenient solutions for ordering and getting different pizzas Products and Services: The main products that will be offered by Pizza Veloce will be the wide variety of pizzas, most which will be based on genuine, Italian recipes that have been used for several centuries. The products will also include side items and other smaller Italian dishes, as well as desserts and drinks that can be served with the foods. The services that will be available by Pizza Veloce will be inclusive of the ways in which the pizza and other food items can be delivered to the home. The first consists of services available online for easy connections and ordering. The second is based on delivery services that are available for those who don’t want to leave their home and are interested in ordering. The third will be in – house services so individuals have the option of a restaurant like atmosphere. Each of these services will be supported by technological structures for fast delive ry and a structure that enhances the making of the pizzas. Organizational Structure: The first part of the structure will be based on different departments and employees that will be able to provide the pizza making services. The first will be a team of employees for making the pizzas. The second will be a team used for the deliveries. There will also be customer service representatives that will be available for the online services and others that will provide in – store services. There will be one manager that overlook all operations at all times, specifically to make sure that there are connections with all deliveries and that workers are effective with the work. The organizational structure will then move into a CEO responsible for overlooking the main components of the operations, a vice president responsible for initiating new developments and a team that overlooks the expansion of the Pizza Veloce. This will consist of an online and offline marketing manager, human resources manager, technology manager and a liaison which will work between the office team and those who are working at the pizza company. Each of the organizational structure components will also consist of supporting technology, specifically which will change the number of employees as well as the needs which are associated with the restaurant. Expected Revenue The expected revenue that comes with the pizza is based on the amount of demand which can grow from the customer expectations. On average, a small pizzeria can expect to make $10,500 to $18,500 per week, if there is continuous demand. However, there are factors to consider with the costs of the pizzeria. For example, the cost of rent is about $8,000 per month. The cost for employees is also an average of $1200 per person per month, with an expected 5 workers per week, which equals $ per month for payment. The technology used as well as the structure is also expected to cost an average of $10,000 to install and $30,000 for yearly maintenance. The profit per year will then be at an average of $180,000 with the expenses averaging $208,000. For the pizzeria to break even, there will need to be three restaurants which open initially, which will increase the profit to $540,000 while maintaining the loss at $544,000. After the second year, the revenue will begin to gain, first by $10,000 because of the installed technology and with the expected increase in profit. There will also be options to expand the chain to continue to gain the profit after

Globalization and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Globalization and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example As a highly diverse company, 3M Optical's basic strength has been the core values that its has inherited from its mother company. These have served it in good times as well as bad. The sheer diversity of the company as it has traced its journey from mining to manufacturing of various products. The image of a company is a reputable one. It has a high degree of quality owing to its state of the art testing and development lab. Also, it has been known since its founding days, for bringing together the best technicians in the field under one roof. (Bartlett et al, 1999) Further, the company has at its disposable a huge resource base owing to the fact that it is an old company that has been acquiring these resources for the longest time. Other than that, it has a high capacity for production as well as the best brains working on it. The company also works along the principles of creativity - whether in its labs or outside of it. This has been one of the major reasons that have contributed to diversity in its product profile. (Bartlett et al, 1999) 3M is a company that is in strong need of a new image. The lack of the same has taken away from its core marketing values. The company has been so engrossed in founding and establishing new technologies that it has almost let marketing and branding take a backseat. Further, this has led to stagnation as far as growth and sales figures are concerned in the commercial sense. (Bartlett et al, 1999) The company's weaknesses lie in the fact that it needs to match it expansion with appropriate handling of the human capital within the company. This has led to a point where there is no freshness or motivation within the company and among its employees. (Bartlett et al, 1999) There needs to be more focus on the industrial relations practices that are followed within the organization. Owing to the type of products being produced, there is a certain monotonous tone to the activities within the organization. Further, managing corporate entrepreneurship has been an activity that has not been carried out very well in lieu of the expansion that the company is surging towards. This is due to the fact that there are no well structured lines of interaction and communication within the organization to match the growth in activities. (Achrol, 1997) Entrepreneurial Strategy There is a lot that can be done as far as this company is concerned. The CEO has already set the ball rolling with a new focus on shifting the focus towards gaining a competitive foothold in the global marketplace. This has been apparent in the new policies now followed by the company. In addition, a focus on creating a brand identity is a key measure that will

Shape Memory Alloys Research

Shape Memory Alloys Research 1.1 General considerations When a regular metallic alloy is subjected to an external force greater than its elastic limit, it deforms plastically, i.e. the deformation persists after returning to the unloaded state. The Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) do not follow this behavior. At low temperatures, an SMA specimen may undergo a plastic deformation of about few percent, and then fully recover its initial shape that had at higher temperature by simple heating above a threshold temperature. Their ability to recover their form when the temperature is raised, makes this class of materials unique. This phenomenon has been discovered in 1938 by researchers working on the gold-cadmium alloys [Gilbertson (1994)]. The shape memory effect remained a laboratory curiosity until 1963, when the first industrial and medical applications appeared. 1.2 Martensitic Transformation The shape memory effect is based on the existence of a reversible phase transformation of thermoelastic martensitic type [Kurdjumov, Khandros (1949), Kumar, Lagoudas (2008)], between a microstructural state at high temperature (austenite phase) and a microstructural state at low temperature (martensite phase) [Patoor et al. (2006), Lagoudas et al. (2006)]. Austenite has in general a cubic crystal lattice, while martensite is of tetragonal, monoclinic, or orthorhombic crystal lattice. The transformation from one crystal lattice to the other occurs by distortion of the shear lattice does and not by atoms diffusion. This type of transformation is called martensitic transformation [Perkins (1975), Funakubo (1987), Otsuka, Wayman (1999)]. In reality, the matrenitic transformation in SMAs is a phase transformation of the first order, where there is co-existence of several phases, and there is presence of interfaces between the phases [Guà ©nin (1986)]. Historically, the term martensitic transformation describes the transformation of the austenite of steels (iron-carbon alloys) to martensite during a quenching. By extension, this term has been generalized to a large number of alloys whose phase transformations have certain characteristics typical of the transformation of steels [Rosa (2013)]. During martensitic transformation of a SMA, the crystal lattice of the material changes its shape. The microstructure of martensite is characterized by a change in shape and by the difference in volume, which exists between matrensitic and austenitic phase [Duerig et al. (1990)]. Therefore, internal strains arise during the emergence of martensitic areas within the austenite. The internal strains can be partially relaxed by the formation of several areas of self-accommodated martensite crystals that minimize the overall deformation induced. These areas called variants and are oriented in different crystallographic directions [Kumar (2008)]. In the absence of external strains, these variants are equally possible and the distribution of self-accommodated groups allows the material to be transformed in order to retain its original shape. Therefore, the formation of the martensite results in elastic (reversible) deformations [Funakubo (1987)]. At constant temperature, the martensite-austenite interfaces are in steady state. A change in temperature in one direction or the other results in moving these interfaces to the benefit of one or the other phase structure. The interfaces can also move under the action of an imposed strain. A specimen can therefore be distorted not by sliding, which is the usual mechanism of plastic deformation, but by the appearance and disappearance of martensite variants [Kumar (2008)]. Therefore, during martensitic transformation atoms in the structure move on very small distances leading to deformation of the crystal lattice. This causes a small variation in volume with shearing of the structure in a specific direction. During the transformation process, the growth of martensite crystals occur in form of platelets to minimize the energy at the interface. The martensitic variants can occur in two different types: twinned martensite (formed by combination of self-accommodated martensite variants) and detwinned martensite (reoriented martensite) where a particular variant dominates [Liu, Xie (2007)]. The characteristic behavior of SMAs is based upon the reversible phase transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase and the opposite. By cooling under zero loading, the crystal sructure changes from austenitic to martensitic phase (forward transformation to twinned martensitic phase). This transformation is resulting in the development of a number of martensitic variants, which are arranged in a way that the average change in macroscopic shape is insignificant, causing a twinned martensite [Leclercq, Lexcellent (1996)]. When the material is heated at the martensite phase, the crystal structure is transforming to austenite (reverse transformation from detwinned martensitic to austenitic phase), leading to recovery of shape [Sabu ri, Nenno (1981), Shimizu, Otsuka, Perkins (1975)]. The above process is called Shape Memory Effect (SME) [Schetky (1979), Wayman, Harrison (1989)]. The martensitic transformation is characterized by four temperatures (Figure 2) [Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)]: MS: Temperature below which the martensite appears (martensite start) MF: Temperature below which the entire sample is transformed into martensite (martensite finish) AS: Temperature above which the austenite appears (austenite start) AF: Temperature above which the entire sample is transformed into austenite (austenite finish) The transformation begins at the cooling to the temperature MS. This transformation is completed to the temperature MF. Between these two temperatures, there is coexistence of two phases, which is a characteristic of transformation of the first order. If the cooling is interrupted, the material will not change. To go back to the initial shape, the temperature is increases so that the inverse transformation begins at the temperature AS and finishes to temperature AF, which is higher than MS [Massalski et al. (1990)]. If the trace on a diagram (Figure 1) the volume fraction of material processed as a function of temperature, there is a hysteresis loop, due to the presence of an irreversible energy corresponding to dissipation of mechanical energy transformed into heat [Ortin, Planes, Delaey (2006), Wei,Yang (1988)]. Figure 1 Martensitic transformation temperatures [Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)] The thermoelastic reversibility of the crystal lattice is certain in the case of an ordered alloy [Otsuka, Shimizu (1977)]. The correlation between the manifestation of martensitic transformation and atomic order was shown experimentally in Fe-Pt SMAs [Dunne, Wayman (1973)]. Nevertheless, in disordered alloys, such as Fe-Pd, Mn-Cu and In-TI, can occur thermoelastic transformation too. The atomic order is, therefore, a sufficient condition for manifestation of thermoelastic transformation, but not necessary [Otsuka, Shimizu (1977)]. 1.3 Thermomechanical properties of SMAs Several effects specific to the SMAs appear through the transformations of the crystal lattice as a function of temperature and of the field of stresses applied on the material [Duerig, Melton, Stà ¶ckel (2013)]. 1.3.1 Pseudoelastic Effect In general, by pseudoelasticity we describe both the materials superelastic behavior, as well as rubble-like behavior. Superelastic behavior is called the reversible phase transformation produced by thermo-mechanical loading. Rubber-like effect refers to the reversible martensitic re-orientation. The stress-strain curve during this process resamples to the superelastic behavior, which is similar to rubbers nonlinear elastic behavior [Otsuka, Wayman (1999)]. Therefore, a part from inducing phase transformation thermally, martensitic transformation can also be prompt by applying on the material appropriately high mechanical loading, resulting in creating a martensitic phase from austenite. When the temperature of the SMA goes above AF, shape recovery is resulted while unloading. Such behavior of the material is termed pseudoelastic effect [Kumar (2008)]. Stress-induced martensite, is generally forming from austenite when external stress is present. The process of forming stress-induced martensite can occur through different thermomechanical loading routes [Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986)]. One form of stress-induced martensite is the detwinned martensitic phase formed from austenitic after application of external stress. The material, during the stress-induced martensitic transformation and the reversed process, shows nonlinear elastic behavior described by closed à Ã†â€™-ÃŽÂ µ curves. This nonlinear elastic behavior is called pseudoelastic transformation [Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981)]. The shape recovery is due to crystallographic reversibility of transformation, like in the shape memory effect. Hence, the two phenomena, transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect are practically the same except the fact that reverse transformation is produced by warming the specimen to temperature above AF. In reality, an alloy that un dergoes thermoelastic martensitic transformation exhibits both transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect [Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981)]. Nevertheless, for occurring transformation pseudoelasticity, the necessary stress for slip should be greater than that for stress-induced martensite transformation. As an example, we can refer to equiatomic Ti-Ni alloys which are exposed to slip and do not exhibit any transformation pseudoelasticity, regardless of their Ni content. It was shown, however, that Ni-rich Ti-Ni alloys subjected to annealing after cold working, causing refining of their grain size, leads in raising critical slip stress, which results in any transformation pseudoelasticity [Miyazaki et al. (1982), Saburi, Tatsumi, Nenno (1982), Saburi, Yoshida, Nenno (1984)]. The existence of transformation pseudoelasticity is affected by crystalline orientation, composition of the alloy, and direction of applied stresses [Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986)]. 1.3.2 One-Way Shape Memory Effect Another property of SMAs is the one-way shape memory effect. It takes place in four steps: (1) The material is cooled to a temperature lower than MF (the parent austenitic phase) to obtain self-accommodated martensite. (2) Re-orientation of variants of the martensite is obtained via application of stress. (3) The stress is released at constant temperature T F. The material remains to a shape depending on the stress field. (4) The sample is heated at a temperature T > AF making re-appear the austenitic phase and the material gets its original shape, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 One-way shape memory effect [Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986)] Two conditions are necessary for occurring shape recovery by shape memory effect. Firstly, the transformation should be reversible, and second, slip should not occur during the entire deformation process. Martensitic transformations in ordered alloys are reversible in nature [Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986), Arbuzova, Khandros (1964)], so the entire shape memory effect mainly occurs in this type of alloys. The second condition is necessary because in the case of high stress and every type of deformation mode (stress-induced martensitic transformation in parent phase, twinning in the martensitic phase) slip can be induced, resulting in plastic strain and, not completed recovery of shape. In the one-way shape memory effect, the shape in memory by the SMA is the one of the parent phase. 1.3.3 Two-Way Shape Memory Effect The two-way shape memory effect is the reversible passage of a shape at a high temperature to another shape at low temperature under stress. The two-way shape memory effect should precede the SMA training [Nagasawa, et al. (1974]. Training of SMAs consists of temperature cycling at constant stress or stress cycling at constant temperature. During training, microstructural defects (i.e. dislocations) lead to internal stresses and therefore promote oriented martensite. A SMA subjected to training can then move from austenitic phase to oriented martensite under zero load by simple change of temperature [Schroeder, Wayman (1977)]. It has then a shape in memory for each of the two phases. Various methods that cause two-way shape memory effect have been suggested, such as, large deformation in stress-induced martensite transformation at temperatures > MS [Delaey et al. (1974)], shape memory effect training [Schroeder, Wayman (1977)], stress-induced martensite training [Schroeder, Wayman (1977)], training involving both of shape memory effect as well as stress-induced martensite [Perkins, Sponholz (1984)] remaining in martensite state while heating at a temperature > AF [Takezawa, Shindo, Sato (1976)], as well as using precipitates [Tadaki, Otsuka, Shimizu (1988)]. 1.4 Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Several experimental studies have shown the development of nonlinear plastic (irreversible) strain when phase transformations occur [Greenwood, Johnson (1965), Abrassart (1972), Magee (1966), Desalos (1981), Olson, Cohen (1986), Denis et al. (1982)]. This mechanism of deformation is termed Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), resulting from internal stress rising from the change in volume related to the transformation, as well as from the associated change in shape [Marketz, Fischer (1994)]. TRIP differs from classical plasticity. Although plasticity is caused from the applied stress or variation in temperature, TRIP is triggered by phase variations, and occurs even at low and constant stress levels [Gautier et al. (1989), Leblond et al. (1989), Gautier (1998), Tanaka, Sato (1985), Fischer et al. (2000, 1996)]. TRIP takes place because of two separate mechanisms. The first, refers to a process of accommodation of micro-plasticity related to volume change [Greenwood, Johnson (196 5)]. The other, refers to an orientation caused by shear internal stresses, favoring the direction of preferred orientation for the formation of martensite when and external stress is present, which involves change in shape [Magee (1966)]. TRIP is caused by the difference in compactness of the lattice structure between the austenite (parent) and the martensite (product) phase [Greenwood, Johnson (1965)]. During martensitic transformation, this difference has produces a change in volume as well as internal stresses causing plasticity in the phase with less yield stress, which is weaker   [Paiva, Savi, Pacheco (2005)]. REFERENCES Abrassart, F., Influence des Transformations Martensitiques sur les Proprià ©tà ©s Mà ©caniques des Alliages du Systà ¨me Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Thà ¨se dÉtat, Università © de Nancy I (Trance), 1972. Arbuzova, I. and L. Khandros, Abnormal elongation and reduced resistance to plastic deformation due to martensitic transformation in the alloy CU-AL-NI. Phys. Metals Metallogr., 17(3), pp. 68-74, 1964. Delaey, L., et al., Thermoelasticity, pseudoelasticity and the memory effects associated with martensitic transformations. Journal of Materials Science, 9(9), pp. 1521-1535, 1974. Denis, S., Simon, A. and Beck, G., Estimation of the Effect of Stress/Phase Transformation Interaction when Calculating Internal Stress during Martensitic Quenching of Steel, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jap., Vol. 22, pp. 505, 1982. Desalos, Y., Comportement dilatomà ©trique et mà ©canique de lAustà ©nite Mà ©tastabledun Acier A 533, IRSID Report n. 95.34.94.01 MET 44, 1981. Duerig, T., K. Melton, D. Stockel, C. Wayman (Eds.), Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990. Duerig, T.W., K. Melton, and D. Stà ¶ckel, Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys,   Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013. Dunne, D. and C. Wayman, The effect of austenite ordering on the martensite transformation in Fe-Pt alloys near the composition Fe3Pt: I. Morphology and transformation characteristics. Metallurgical Transactions, 4(1), pp. 137-145, 1973. Fischer, F.D., Reisner, G., Werner, E., Tanaka, K., Cailletaud, G. and Antretter, T., A New View on Transformation Induced Plasticity, International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 16, pp. 723-748, 2000. Fischer, F.D., Sun, Q.P. and Tanaka, K., Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), Applied Mechanics Review, Vol. 49, pp. 317-364, 1996. Funakubo, H. (Ed.), Shape Memory Alloys, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1987. Funakubo, H., Shape Memory Alloys, Gordon and Breach Sci. Publ, New York, p. 275, 1987. Gautier, E., Dà ©formation de transformation et plasticità © de transformation, École dà ©tà © MH2M, Mà ©thodes dHomogà ©nà ©isation en Mà ©canique des Matà ©riaux, La Londe Les Maures (Var, France), 1998. Gautier, E., Zhang, X.M. and Simon, A., Role of Internal Stress State on Transformation Induced Plasticity and Transformation Mechanisms during the Progress of Stress Induced Phase Transformation, International Conference on Residual Stresses- ICRS2, (Ed: G. Beck, S. Denis and A. 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Khandros, First reports of the thermoelastic behaviour of the martensitic phase of Au-Cd alloys, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 66 (1949) 211-213. Lagoudas, D. C., P. B. Entchev, P. Popov, et al., Shape memory alloys, Part II: Modeling of polycrystals, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 38, p. 430-462, 2006. Leblond, J., Devaux, J. and Devaux, J.C., Mathematical Modeling of Transformation Plasticity in Steels I: Case of Ideal-plastic Phases, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 551-572, 1989. Leblond, J., Mathematical Modeling of Transformation Plasticity in Steels II: Coupling with Strain Hardening Phenomena, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 573-591, 1989. Leclercq S., and C. Lexcellent, A general macroscopic description of the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of solids, 44, 953-980, 1996. Liu Y., and Z. Xie, Detwinning in shape memory alloy, In: Progress in Smart Materials and Structures, Ed. Peter L. Reece, pp. 29-65, 2007. Magee, C.L., Transformation Kinetics, Microplasticity and Aging of Martensite in Fe-31 Ni, Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, PA, 1966. Marketz, F.   and   Fischer,   F.D.,   A   Micromechanical   Study   on   the   Coupling   Effect   Between   Microplastic Deformation and Martensitic Transformation, Computational Materials Science, Vol. 3, pp. 307-325, 1994. Massalski, T.B., et al., Binary alloy phase diagrams. vol. 3. ASM International, pp. 1485, 1990. Miyazaki S, Ohmi Y, Otsuka K, Suzuki Y. Characteristics of deformation and transformation pseudoelasticity in Ti-Ni alloys. Le Journal de Physique Colloques, 43, 1982. Miyazaki, S. and K. Otsuka, Deformation and transition behavior associated with theR-phase in Ti-Ni alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, 17(1), pp. 53-63, 1986. Nagasawa, A., et al., Reversible shape memory effect. Scripta Metallurgica, 8(9), pp. 1055-1060, 1974. Olson, G.B. and Cohen, M., Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformation in Engineering Materials, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, Pa (Ed: S. D. Antolovich, R. O. Ritchie and W. W. Gerberich), pp.367, 1986. Ortin, J., A. Planes and L. Delaey , Hysteresis in Shape-Memory Materials in The Science of Hysteresis, (2006), pp. 467-553. Otsuka and K, Shimizu, K., Ser. Metall. 1, pp. 757-60, 1977. Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu, Pseudoelasticity, In: Metals Forum, 1981. Otsuka, K., C. M.Wayman (Eds.), Shape Memory Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999. Paiva, A., M.A. Savi, P.M. Pacheco, Modeling transformation induced plasticity in shape memory alloys, Proceedings of COBEM, 18th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, Nov. 6-11, 2005, Ouro Preto, MG, 2005. Patoor, E., D. C. Lagoudas, P. B. Entchev, et al., Shape memory alloys, Part I: General properties and modeling of single crystals, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 38, p. 391-429, 2006. Perkins, J. and R. Sponholz, Stress-induced martensitic transformation cycling and two-way shape memory training in Cu-Zn-Al alloys. Metallurgical transactions A, 15(2), pp. 313-321, 1984. Perkins, J., Shape Memory Effects in Alloys, Plenum Press, New York, 1975. Rosa M., Phase Transformations in Steels, Volume 1: Fundamentals and Diffusion-Controlled Transformations, International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 70(2), pp. 337-338, 2013. Saburi, T. and S. Nenno, The shape memory effect and related phenomena. Solid to Solid Phase Transformations, pp. 1455-1479, 1981. Saburi, T., M. Yoshida, and S. Nenno, Deformation behavior of shape memory TiNi alloy crystals. Scripta metallurgica, 18(4), pp. 363-366, 1984. Saburi, T., T. Tatsumi, and S. Nenno, Effects of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of Ti-Ni alloys. Le Journal de Physique Colloques, 43(C4), pp. C4-261-C4-266, 1982. Schetky, L., Shape-memory alloys, Scientific American 241 (74-82), 1979. Schroeder, T. and C. Wayman, The two-way shape memory effect and other training phenomena in Cu Zn single crystals. Scripta Metallurgica, 11(3), pp. 225-230, 1977. Shimizu, K., K. Otsuka, and J. Perkins, Shape Memory Effects in Alloys. Perkins, J., Ed.(New York: Plenum), pp. 60-87, 1975. Tadaki, T., K. Otsuka, and K. Shimizu, Shape memory alloys. Annual Review of Materials Science, 18(1), pp. 25-45, 1988. Takezawa, K., T. Shindo, and S.I. Sato, Shape memory effect in 1-CuZnAl alloys. Scripta Metallurgica, 10(1), pp. 13-18, 1976. Tanaka, K. and Sato, Y., A Mechanical View of Transformation-Induced Plasticity, Ingenieur Archiv 55, pp. 147-155, 1985. Wayman, M., J. Harrison, The origins of the shape memory effect, Journal of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 41 (99) pp. 26-28, 1989. Wei, Z., D. Yang, On the hysteresis loops and characteristic temperatures of thermoelastic martensitic transformations, Scripta Metallurgica, Volume 22, Issue 8, 1988, pp. 1245-1249.

San Francisco: The City that Never Sleeps

Everybody knows the old saying that ‘you never really know a person until you live with them'. Well, this also applies to visiting other countries, because I have always had an idea in my head about what kind of city San Francisco would be. I have seen various pictures in holiday brochures of the Golden Gate Bridge, Fisherman's Wharf and of course, the famous Powell and Mason line Cable Cars. Not only is the city about the famous landmarks and sites everybody has heard of, to me it was about a whole lot more and I do not think that anybody truly knows a place until they have lived in the heart of it for more than two weeks. Regretfully, I only spent two weeks in the city, and I felt as though there was still plenty I had to learn about it. People always seem to associate the state of California with plenty of sunshine, hardly any rain and generally being a warm if not hot climate. I was no different. Therefore, when I stepped off of the aeroplane and felt a cold blast of wind as I walked through the courtesy tunnel, I was fairly shocked. I did not expect to feel the cold whilst I was in California, but that was just the beginning of unexpected things to come. In all honesty I should have begun my travels with an open mind, but I thought I knew what San Francisco would be like and through fault of my own I did not expect anything else. I had visited the United States on three separate occasions before I decided to embark on San Francisco and I had never actually travelled to the western coast of America so this was new territory for me. There is supposed to be a clear divide between the East and West coasts of America and thus knowing this, it was up to me to distinguish what these factors were. The fact that I had been to the country before certainly helped me a lot, especially at the airport. Many visitors from Europe who have not visited the United States before, would be alarmed at the amount of questions security ask whilst getting their passport stamped. This just goes to show that the American's do not just let anybody into their country and they have got to be certain that everybody who has not got a visa to live and work in the country has visited for recreational purposes only. I know that security has been stepped up since the attacks on September 11th, but when the passport control officer asked me, ‘Why are you visiting the USA? , ‘How long will you be staying? ‘, and ‘Have you visited before? ‘, it made me feel like a criminal for being in their country. At the time I felt like I had been interrogated for no reason, but looking back on it, I see that it was only for my increased safety whilst I was visiting that they had to ask those questions and they did ask everybody. Ever since I can remember, I have always thought it was only the English that constantly talked about the weather. I was not expecting to hear about it non-stop whilst I was in San Francisco. However, I soon found out the reason behind it; I was actually visiting the city in the hottest weeks it had ever seen, I could not believe my luck. The cold blast of air I had felt whilst stepping off of the plane must have been the air conditioning, I breathed a big sigh of relief as I realised that the California I had been dreaming of might actually become a reality. I had booked into a youth hostel for the first three nights of my stay and having never stayed in one before I really had no idea what it would be like. As soon as I realised the taxi had pulled up outside the hostel, I began to worry. It looked nothing like the pictures I had seen on the internet, it was situated in a desolate street and a man was sitting on the steps outside with a cigarette hanging out of his mouth. I honestly would have used all my spending money to stay in a respectable hotel for the rest of the trip if it had meant that I did not have to stay in the hostel. However, I was persuaded to give it a try for one night and I was given the chance to decide what to do after that. Keen to get out of the hostel I went for a walk on that first night to get an idea of how far we were from all the places I wanted to visit. To my horror, it seemed that nobody went for walks in the city, especially not at night anyhow. We were not staying far from Market Street, which is the main street in the city and it literally spans from one end of the city to the other and eventually ends at the Ferry Building next to the Bay Bridge. Having read about Market Street whilst doing my research, I was glad I was staying within walking distance, because that is the street where you can catch the streetcars and the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transport), which is the equivalent to the London Underground. Knowing that I was within walking distance of all the major transport links made me feel better and I decided that the next day I would take the Cable Car to Fisherman's Wharf and see what that had to offer. The Cable Cars are the only vehicles of their kind still in operation and are considered to be National Landmarks. Travelling on a Cable Car was at the top of my list of things to see and do whilst I was visiting San Francisco, therefore it had to be one of the first things I did. Seeing the city the next day, when the sun was beaming and more people were walking the streets made all the difference. I just could not believe how many homeless people there were on the streets though, with all of their worldly possessions packed into a shopping trolley they wandered up and down market street begging for money. Compared to London and New York, it seemed to me that San Francisco had a serious problem with the amount of homeless people living on the city's streets. It was not until the end of my trip that I found out, that the council of San Francisco actually gives each and every registered homeless person four hundred dollars a month, so that they can afford shelter and food. Although, hardly any of the money the city gives them is actually spent of shelter and food, it goes on alcohol and drugs, which is not helping anybody. There has been uproar from the public about the situation and there have been many petitions to stop the council from giving the homeless any more money. I soon began to realise that even though I was in California, I was still in a city and all city's have their good parts and their bad parts, even more so the tourist attractions and the lived in areas. At that point I was ready to be a tourist with the rest of them, so I headed to Powell Street for a ride on one of the famous Cable Cars. It was a beautiful day so I sat on an outside seat and I did not have to fight for it and I soon realised why. I could not believe how steep the hills actually were, at one point we were so high up that I could see Alcatraz Island all the way at the bottom and the red cables of the Golden Gate Bridge just rising above the buildings in the distance. As the Cable Car descended down the hill, it went at a fairly high speed and I certainly felt the wind as it blew against us. The driver pointed out famous sites along the way, such as Chinatown on the right hand side, the famous Lombard Street as featured in many movies and then finally we came to our destination that was Fisherman's Wharf. Built in 1900, Fisherman's Wharf is the most popular tourist attraction in San Francisco. I was not disappointed in the least when I finally arrived. I think the smell of crab and other seafood delights probably hit me before I had actually reached the Wharf, but that was just part of the experience at being there. Fisherman's Wharf was heaving with tourists, it was an unusually hot day and it seemed as though everybody had had the same idea. I had not expected the place to be so big; there were so many different piers I was not quite sure which one to visit first. However, it was soon decided that we should visit the San Francisco museum at Pier 45, which was also home to the US submarine USS Pampanito. The museum was no ordinary museum, since it was made out to look like an old Victorian arcade. It was crammed full of old wooden machines that worked if a quarter was dropped in and once the money had been collected the machines would come to life, considering the age of the contraptions it was quite amazing that they still worked. Unfortunately the trip around the USS Pampanito was not scheduled for that particular day so we then headed on to Pier 39. This was a thoroughly modern area of Fisherman's Wharf and to me it seemed as if it had only been designed with tourists in mind. According to the guidebook, Pier 39 is San Francisco's number one attraction and I can actually see why the book would say this, since it certainly does have a lot to offer to keep both adults and children entertained. There were the usual boutiques and memorabilia stores and of course no American city would be complete without a famous Hard Rock Cafi, but the one thing that could have kept me entertained for hours was just around the corner. I could not believe my eyes when all I could see there in the water right in front of me was more than one hundred sea lions sunbathing on floating rafts. It was like nothing I had ever seen before, not even Sea World could compete with the sea lions at Pier 39. It seemed unimaginable that just a few hours previous and not even 5 miles away I had been alarmed by the amount of homeless people and street beggars, yet there I was staring at over one hundred sea lions housed within a small dock and I was not sure what surprised me the most. Being Saint Patrick' day the very next day, I prepared myself for a long day. I had heard on the grapevine that the American's love to celebrate on Saint Patrick's Day and I was certain that this one would not be any different. I think that the American people are very open-minded when it comes to culture, race and sexuality, but I found even more so in San Francisco. There are so many different cultures within the city and they even have designated areas of the city in which they live. The obvious one being Chinatown, but the North Beach area is home to many Italian-American's, the Castro area is renowned for its Gay and Lesbian scene, Ocean Beach is known for its Japanese culture and the Irish fit in anywhere in between. That is why it did not surprise me that on Saint Patrick's Day, a day that the Irish would be doing the most celebrating it would seem, the American's were doing their best to outdo them. After talking to many people who actually work in San Francisco, the current trend is to live elsewhere and travel into work each day. The most popular areas to live are either Oakland, which is over the eight and a half mile long Bay Bridge, or Sausalito that is in the other direction and across the Golden Gate Bridge. Having taken a trip over the Golden Gate Bridge and seeing the city from a different angle, I could certainly see why it might be tempting to live in the quieter towns and enjoy the hustle and bustle of going to work each morning. It was like entering a different country as soon as we had crossed the Golden Gate Bridge and drove through Marin County. Even the weather had changed so drastically in that short distance; the temperature must have risen by twenty degrees Fahrenheit at least. We were heading towards the town of Sonoma and Napa Valley for some wine tasting, a far cry from the busy city that was San Francisco. Sonoma is regarded as the birthplace of California viticulture and the wine industry there is closely tied to the Spanish Missionaries that found San Francisco in 1823 and in fact it used to be the state capital for a while. The town itself was built around a square and it looked so clean and pristine, it was hard to comprehend that the city that never stands still was only forty miles away. Back on the road again and heading towards Napa Valley, I just sat there taking in the beautiful scenery, I really could not believe that a place could be so different. The divide between city and country really stood out in California and it was hard for me to decide which I liked the most. Just one main road went from Sonoma to Napa, with huge vineyards either side of the road it was easy to see why it was called ‘Wine Country'. The size of the vineyards amazed me; the plots of land and the size of their houses were huge. It really was something I had never seen before, well the English are not really well known wine makers so I suppose there has never been a chance for me to see it. A trip to Napa would not have been complete without a touch of wine tasting so our first stop was at the Sequoia Grove Ranch, a huge working ranch where you can pay five dollars for four tastes; two whites and two reds. The price of wine by the bottle anywhere in California is so expensive compared to England, even the Californian wine; therefore I did not make a purchase. The next visit was to the film director Francis Ford Coppola's ranch, named Niebaum-Coppola. The sheer size of this vineyard was one to blow you away, the elegance and style which pour out of the buildings is remarkable. It was clear that somebody extremely rich owned this vineyard and it was also a small museum in honour of the film director since there were a lot of exhibits in the hallway. Lots of memorabilia from his films were hung in cabinets around the galleries and this to me made the experience of wine tasting more exciting, just knowing I was visiting in Francis Ford Coppola's vineyard. It seems that the man has a lot to do with the state of California, obviously he has done a lot of work in Hollywood, but with his ranch in Napa and he has also shot one of his films in a downtown San Francisco diner which I visited later on in my trip. The film was called, ‘American Graffiti', and was about teenagers growing up in the rock and roll era, but some of the scenes were set in Mel's Diner on Mission Street, San Francisco. After leaving Napa we headed for the outlet stores. If there were something the American's know how to do properly, it would be shopping. Because, there in the middle of the countryside was a huge outlet shopping mall, with every brand name you could ever imagine at extremely good prices. I thought it was just San Francisco that was built around shopping malls and boutiques, but I was wrong, since even in the country they still have time to build a huge mall. That is what I found whilst being in San Francisco for two weeks, most American's do not like to stay at home, and they tend to go out more. Even after a day at work, it seems that they would rather go out for a meal than cook it at home and this was just the way of life for people in the city. Although according to some locals, American's do not walk anywhere they drive to their destination or they travel on the local transport system. Not me though, I walked everywhere and I did not see the problem with it, I thought at first it may be because of the people on the streets, but they were no problem to me. I decided that it must be because American's have got used to being lazy and taking the easy option, which in my view was probably more accurate. One thing was for sure; they certainly know good food when they taste it. That same night I headed into Chinatown for something to eat and I seriously could have been in China for all I knew, even the street signs were in Chinese. It was a very lively place, lights and noise wherever you turned. We were going to a restaurant called the ‘House of Nung Ho' and the food was supposed to be out of this world. Whenever I have been to a Chinese restaurant in the past, there has always been a candle of the table, knives and forks wrapped up in a napkin, but when I arrived at the ‘House of Nung Ho', I was not expecting it to be a cafi lit up with strip flourecsent lights. There was even a queue outside for this tiny back street cafi, a good sign I thought, but I was still a bit concerned that this was not the type of restaurant I had been expecting it to be. Once inside however, we had ordered our food and they cooked it right in front of me, with a bottle of ‘Tsingtao' Chinese beer in my hand, I was looking forward to the food. After talking with the owner, he pointed out a framed picture on the wall of Jamie Oliver, the English chef. He had visited the ‘House of Nung Ho' and had written a glorious review of the place in the local good food guide, and he was right, the food was delicious and it made me see that first appearances are not always what they seem. I am glad I decided to queue to get into the restaurant; it was well worth the wait. Unfortunately the good weather looked as though it had passed by the second week and it was clear that I was going to have to find something to do which meant that I would not be caught out in the rain. It had been suggested to me that I make a visit to the ‘Metreon', which is a Sony Entertainment Centre. Home to a twelve screen cinema, an IMAX theatre and several gadget shops and restaurants, it did not even seem possible that I had walked past the building many time not realising what it was. Set within the financial district of San Francisco, the building is fairly inconspicuous surrounded by huge skyscrapers. Yet, once inside the building it is not easy imagining how I missed it. Hundreds of people crowding around games consoles waiting to try out a brand new game, a mile long queue for the cinema and the IMAX theatre, the place was heaving. I had never seen a place so busy, yet from the outside the building did not look like anything special. Those that wanted to escape the hubbub that was going on inside the ‘Metreon', were sat quietly in the gardens that surrounded it. The Yerba Buena gardens provide tranquillity for the people who want to escape the noise of the city and just relax for an hour on their dinner break. I was beginning to see a likeness to New York within San Francisco, since the intercultural relations were more or less the same and Central Park offers New York the same sort of tranquillity that the Yerba Buena Gardens do to San Francisco. Yet, all the while that I was making these comparisons and finding similarities between the two, I found that San Francisco is far more relaxed and laid back than New York or any other city that I have visited. I do not know whether it is the people that live there or the way the city is governed, but for some reason laid back nature works for the city. Even the homeless make ends meet, they have their own community and get on with the life they lead, that is the one thing I wish had not bothered me if the first few days in the city. In the end I learnt not to expect anything during my trip, because it always turned out to surprise me and mainly in a good way. Previous visits to America had led me to believe that the American's were extremely fake and narrow minded, yet whilst visiting San Francisco I saw no evidence of that. Maybe that is where the east and west coast divide tends to lie, since many holidaymakers from Europe mainly visit the eastern coast of America because it is closer. Tourism brings in a lot of money to the United States from Europe and maybe that is why they try so hard in places like Florida and New York to make you feel welcome; but it just comes across as being too pushy and fake. However, a city like San Francisco with its open-mindedness to sexuality, race and religion was going to be entirely different from the beginning and it certainly was. The whole temperament of the city flows like the water around it, calm and gentle yet perhaps a little rough around the edges. Overall, If I could have changed my trip for the better, I would have become a commuter for two weeks and stayed across from the city and travelled in if and when I wanted to. However, I am glad that I stayed right within the heart of the city and witnessed the good things and the bad, yet most of the time there was hardly any bad. From what I saw of California, I liked very much and would not hesitate to go back at any given chance. I think it is important to see more than one aspect of a country and given the chance I would like to explore the state much more thoroughly, perhaps visiting Steinbeck Country and Yosemite Valley. With enough time and money I think if you really want to explore California it can be done, but finding the above is not easy unfortunately. I recommend that San Francisco should be on everybody's list of places to see before they die, it truly is a remarkable city and if its variety that you want, this place has it.